Facts and fancy on the history of the meerschaum pipe

Original title: Fabels en feiten over de meerschuim pijp

By Don Duco

Abstract: This article deals with all the aspects related to meerschaum smoking pipes. It presents the raw material, the ways it is transformed into pipes and the different finishing's. Also it pays attention to the history of the meerschaum pipe, about which many legends are told. The development of shapes and styles are discussed and illustrated with the main types, so are the sorts and subjects of decorations. Finally, the article reflects the meerschaum pipe as smoke instrument and status item and tells more about the way to smoke it. Altogether, this article is the ultimate story on meerschaum pipes.

© Don Duco, Pijpenkabinet Foundation, Amsterdam - Holland, 2009.

Illustrations

1. Side view of a meerschaum mine in Turkey showing the different layers.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet documentations

2. Two man carving the lumps of meerschaum into suitable blocks.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet documentations

3. The rough meerschaum stone as it is found before cleaning.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 3592b

4. Lump of meerschaum after the rough parts have been cut away.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 3592a

5. A thin sand layer is visible in this pipe bowl, a hairline of dirt that spoils the surface.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 19.775

6. In the surface of this pipe a rectangular piece of meerschaum is inserted that is carved to hide the failure in the material.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 18.760

7. Example of a turned meerschaum pipe with perfect shape even of the part between bowl and stem that are shaped by hand.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 19.711

8. The various metal tools to carve meerschaum pipes.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet documentations

9. Figural pipe treated in double wax technique, even after a long time of use the hat of the depicted person stays white while the pipe colors darker.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 16.894

10. A so-called oil bowl with grayish color and mottled surface.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 15.897

11. The calcined treatment in yellow color, the bowl opening is burnt brown.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 18.138

12. The deep black goudron finish with a perfect shining surface.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 19.071

13. Sculpture in meerschaum of a bust of a lady on black wooden pied de stalles.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 18.986

14. Catalogue page with Hungarian bowls that were made in most of the meerschaum centers.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 19.776

15. Catalogue page with figural cigar holders in a wide variety of shapes.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 19.776

16. Catalogue page with cylindrical cigar holders, most of them without decorations.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 19.776

17. Illustration taken from a factory catalogue showing a bulky inelegant figural meerschaum pipe from shortly after 1960.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet documentations

18. A large Turkish figural pipe from a catalogue with a stem in segments of turned meerschaum.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet documentations

19. Briar shape made from meerschaum including sand blasted finish and a fashionable stem in bamboo.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 19.706

20. Catalogue page with modern meerschaum pipes from Tanzania in calcined and goudron finish.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet documentations

21. Carved pipe showing the English bulldog shape, decorated with two negroes around the bowl.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 894

22. Mark showing a white elephant impressed in the vulcanite stem of a meerschaum pipe.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 18.342

23. The characteristic Turkish shape with a bulbous bowl base and cylindrical upper part, colorfully decorated with stones and beads.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 17.277

24. The kalmash, a pipe bowl with funnel shaped opening and a base that fluently transforms into the stem.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 4360

25. The Rakcozi, the base heavier and clearly distinguished from the stem.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 17.767

26. Bag shaped bowl or Ruhla type with characteristic cylindrical bowl on a heavier base and a straight slightly up going stem.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 19.856

27. Bag shaped pipe, the opening wider and the base heavier, here transforming into a longer stem.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 17.403

28. Bag shaped bowl with a compact form and more pronounced bowl opening, here with a short stem that is slightly thicker to the end.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 19.855

29. Bag shaped pipe showing the rare conical bowl opening.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 17.408

30. Bag shaped bowl in empire style with unexpected flattened parts in its appearance.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 17.400

31. Bag shaped pipe without fittings as the ordinary type, the stem ending in a simple stub.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 18.167

32. Proto type of the Hungarian bowl with its high cylindrical shape and rounded base.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 17.992

33. Variety of the Hungarian shape with slightly accentuated bowl base and the bowl wit a widening opening.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 17.769

34. Hungarian pipe with fashionable funnel shaped bowl at the opening accentuated by a flat ring.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 17.076

35. A variety on the Hungarian bowl with a bridge between bowl and stem.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 15.714

36. Extreme high Hungarian bowl wider to the opening, the decorated lid accentuates its shape.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 19.543

37. The modern variety on the Hungarian shape with a bowl less high and wider, not being mounted with lids or stub ring.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 18.157

38. The Debrecen shape with a conical bowl, often a pointed bowl base and usually with a small bowl rim.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 11.354

39. The special Ulm shape with beaker bowl and round flattened form surrounding the bowl and stem.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 17.401

40. A variety on the Ulm with flattened bowl and rims on the base.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 15.640

41. Fantasy shape derived from the Ulm with a highly attractive bowl base.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 15.652

42. Special flattened shape taken from the Ulm pipe but executed in a different way.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 17.087

43. The cubic Norwegian bowl shape, on the edges flattened for comfortable holding.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 19.898

44. The modern Norwegian bowl without lid and stub mounting but still showing the cubic shape.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 19.896

45. Typical German stummel derived from the oval Gouda bowl but heavier and mounted in the characteristic German way with a stem going upward.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 17.770

46. Short stemmed straight pipe with stummel bowl and little moist strap half way the stem.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 19.858

47. The English curved bowl with heel with knob transformed into a meerschaum bowl with stub.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 4982

48. The Turkish chibuque with flat dish and simple but elegant neo gothic decoration.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk18.009

49. Meerschaum interpretation of a chibuque with a more massive shape, the dish accentuated with a pearl rim.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 17.404

50. The Turkish chibuque with chalice bowl and round base, on the stem personified with a monogram.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 15.898

51. The popular billiard shape with its modern look and short stem fitted as a briar pipe.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 7471

52. The fashionable bulldog shape here embellished with gilt metal mountings round the bowl opening and the stem.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 15.864

53. The exclusive two sided flattened billiard with its oval bowl seen from the top.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 19.361

54. A beautiful copy of a Gouda clay tobacco pipe with its oval bowl and fine, thin stem meant for smoking cigars.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 15.653

55. A bowl shape inspired on the clay tobacco pipe but in meerschaum, the mounting copied from the briar pipe.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 15.900

56. The famous eierkop, egg shape with an oval bowl and up going stem with stub, here in oil finish.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 15.907

57. The modern variety of the egg bowl now in flatter shape with its round appearance and slightly up going stem ending in a stub.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 3546

58. Pipe with egg shaped oval bowl fitted in metal with a moist trap at the base and a duck bone stem ending in a separate mouthpiece.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 19.904

59. The calabash pipe with bowl interior in block meerschaum and hollow chamber for cooling the smoke.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 18.431

60. The horn shape here decorated with two ornamental bands, especially popular with added figural decoration.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 17.411

61. The so-called health pipe with cylindrical bowl, the stem is connected to the bowl at one third of its bowl height.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 17.275

62. The modern tip, a tubular shaped cigar holder with amber mouth piece, here with a carved monogram of the owner.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 2180

63. Cover holding two cigar pipes for cigars with different diameters.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 15.883

64. Tobacco pipe with in the bowl an insert so that cigars can be smoked as well.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 17.435

65. Tobacco pipe with a usual bowl and a separate insert to make the bowl narrower but higher.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 17.731

66. Large tobacco pipe with incised decoration in Turkish style embellished with semi precious stones and glass.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 17.085

67. Simple bowl shaped pipe decorated with stamped geometrical pattern.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 19.612

68. Debrecen bowl with simple but elegant decoration copied from the common clay tobacco pipes in the eastern regions of Hungary.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 15.869

69. Un even part in the meerschaum surface that is carved like a little temple that is not at all related to the pipe decoration.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 18.760

70. Globular pipe bowl of colored meerschaum decorated with inlay in silver of branches with leaves.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 18.137

71. Tobacco pipe with repetitive pattern drilled into the surface to cover uneven spots in the meerschaum.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 1989

72. Bowl with barrel shape, decorated with drilled holes in the wall that is partly loose from the bowl.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 1990

73. Pipe bowl showing a deep plastic relief decoration of a hunting scene with hunters on horseback, dogs and a deer.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 19.540

74. Depiction of a standing hunter with rifle and dog executed in bas relief but still natural.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 19.538

75. Carving in relief in two colors on an over decorated tobacco bowl showing the goddess Diana as protector of the hunters.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 995

76. Detailed decoration in relief going round the pipe bowl showing a musical tent in a park.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 17.081

77. Extremely fine decorated hunting scene as a part of an over decorated pipe bowl with more hunting scenes.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 998

78. Pipe bowl with simple decoration on the front so that the bowl shape is preserved.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 17.076

79. The surface of the meerschaum dotted to hide uneven and discolored parts in the material.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 19.541

80. So-called lap pipe, in Dutch herderspijp of pressed meerschaum with a rather crude decoration and a fake dating.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 15.862

81. Hungarian shape with a nicely executed decoration showing Napoleon on horseback.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 17.077

82. A pipe bowl with the Emperor Napoleon and King Frederic II as immortal heroes.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 19.253

83. A pipe bowl carved on special demand showing a family coat of arms.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 17.154

84. Hungarian shape, on the bowl the initials of the owner specially carved on request.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 15.796

85. Pipe bowl with a medal including the ribbon of the Orde van de Kousenband carved for a special order.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 18.105

86. Tallow pipe bowl ornamented with pattern derived from the empire ornaments as well as the gothic style.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 19.536

87. Slender pipe bowl with hunting scene, the decoration framed in neo gothic ornaments.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 19.801

88. Oval shaped pipe bowl held by a birds' claw with four fingers going round the bowl.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 18.055

89. Saint George and the dragon, depicted as a sitting soldier, the head is the lid of the pipe.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 19.800

90. A very fine example of a figural pipe with decoration of two stream gods, a shield with arms on their feet.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 1485

91. Bust of the painter Rubens in characteristic dress wearing a hat with large rim.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 17.109

92. Bust of a Creole negro with fine face lining and semi naked bust.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 15.069

93. A popular motif, a Soave with cylindrical cap with culot.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 17.063

94. Pipe with character figure: the sympatric police man wearing an old shapeless cap.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 18.430

95. An elegant lady, one of the many different pipes with human heads.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 19.298

96. Portrait of a man attributed to the carver Hartmann from Vienna.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 17.297

97. The head of a wild boar, a popular design among hunting smokers.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 19.839

98. Head of a cow, a simple figural pipe not having a deeper message.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 18.337

99. Cigar holder with refined portrait of the painter Rembrandt, the holder placed in his hat.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 18.336

100. Figural cigar holder shaped like a naked lady in three dimensional pose.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 17.741

101. Beautiful three dimensional carved couple making love on a chair.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 15.233

102. Slightly erotic this holder shows a woman, the cigar holder placed on a meaningful spot.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 19.406

103. Cigar holder on the stem a reclining woman, a Satyr looking over her from behind the bush.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 19.300

104. Cigar holder with a Neapolitan fisherman smoking from a tobacco pipe.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 18.473

105. Cigarette holder, the bowl showing the head of an oistrich.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 19.297

106. Early oval shaped pipe cover with along the borders bookbinders stamps.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 19.694

107. Cover for a meerschaum pipe bowl with flattened bottom, the rims embellished with gilt pearls.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 17.076

108. Figural tobacco pipe representing a Turk head in cover that can be kept around the pipe when smoked.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 17.134

109. Pipe cover for the pipe in full as common from about 1850, on the inside a dealers mark.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 342

110. Inscription on a pipe box of honorable medals received for international exhibitions and to deliveries to the Belgian Royal House.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 19.297

111. Pipe cover with the address of the maker including the mentioning of deliveries to the royal court.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 18.510

112. Pipe cover with on the outside in gilt the initials of the owner.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 15.901

113. Luxurious wooden box to store a meerschaum bowl together with its stem in ivory with flexible end and security cord.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 19.514

114. Cover label with the name of the pipe shop "Au Phenix" in Lille.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 16.894

115. Marking in the pipe cover by Sommer from Paris including the famous shop name.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 1811

116. Cover label of the maker Rabe from Bruxelles.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 16.899

117. Complete cover mark from a Bruxelles maker including the address of the firm.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 2341

118. The mark of the firm B.H. Wasmann in Amsterdam.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 17.064

119. Inscription in the pipe box of the carver and dealer Hintze from The Hague, Holland.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 7559

120. The modern design of the firm Andreas Bauer from Vienna in a pipe cover.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 7471

121. Cover mark in gold referring to the quality of the product.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 3332

122. Signature of the carver with initials M.E. almost hidden in the decoration.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 17.076

123. Signature of the maker impressed on the stub of the pipe, the initial "S" referring to Heinrich Schilling in Vienna.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 19.100

124. Makers mark in full with the name of the maker Weisz.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 19.867

125. Impressed makers mark on the stub with the inscription Donath.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 15.648

126. Makers mark impressed on the stub showing the name Vegiato.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 19.539

127. The famous mark of the Viennese firm Adler in intaglio on the side of the stub.
Amsterdam, Pijpenkabinet collections Pk 18.500

Litterature
The most important publications on meerschaum pipes:

Carl Ehwa, The Book of Pipes & Tobacco, New York, 1974, pp. 66-95.

G. Guyot, Les pipiers français, Histoire et tradition, Thomery, 1992, chapter VII, Les pipes en écume, pp. 86-101.

Ference Levárdy, Our Pipe-Smoking Forbears, Budapest, 1994.

Walter Morgenroth, ""Meerumwoben – schaumgeboren" Das Ende einer Saga. Zur Herstellung der Meerschaumpfeifen im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert", Knasterkopf, Heft 12, 1999, pp. 30-59.

Ben Rapaport, Collecting antique meerschaum pipes, miniature to majestic sculpture, 1850-1925, Atglen, 1999.

G.M. Raufer, Die Meerschaum und Bernsteinwaren-Fabrikation, Leipzig, 1876.

Exhibition catalogue: The history of the Hungarian pipemaker's craft, Hungarian history through the pipemaker's art, Budapest, 2000.

Notes

1. E. Cardon, Le musée du fumeurs traitant du tabac et la pipe, Paris, 1866, p. 226. Eppe Ramazzotti & Bernard Mamy, Pipes et Fumeurs de Pipe, un art, des collections, Paris, 1981, p. 52.
2. Morgenroth, 1999, p. 31.
3. Also as: 3 S1O2 MgO 2H2O of 2 MgO2 SO2 14H2O. Levárdy, 1994, p. 114. H4Mg2Si3O10 – Mg2Si3O8.4H2O – Mg3Si4O11.5H2O – 3SiO2MgO.2H2O – 2MgO3SiO2.14H2O – Mg4/H2O/3/OH/2 - Si6O11.3H2O.
4. Cardon, 1866, p. 233. Lulet aché means pipe stones. H. Aschenbrenner, Der Pfeifen-Omnibus, Oldenburg, 1939, p. 22. Mark Rien & Gustaf Nils Dorén, Tabago, a picture- book of tobacco and the pleasures of smoking, Munich,1960, p. 54.
5. Rapaport, 1999, p.11.
6. Otto Pollner, Die Pfeifenmacher zwischen Rennstein und Rhön, Leopoldshöhe, 1997, p. 67. In Spanish espuma de mar and Danish merskum.
7. Alfred Dunhill, The Pipe Book, London, 1924, p. 234. Written as Eskisher. Aschenbrenner, 1939, p. 21. Eppe Ramazzotti & Bernard Mamy, Pipes et Fumeurs de Pipes, Paris, 1981, p. 52. Eschi-Seher (l’antique Dorylaeum) in Anatolia.
8. Cardon, 1866, p. 226. Montmartre near Paris does not give meerschaum but plaster. Ditto, p. 229. Found in the Seine-et-Marne district and in le Gard. Ditto, p. 231. Madrid, the meerschaum from there is brownish and not very suitable. Raufer, 1876, p. 5. Also Montmarte near Paris. Pollner, 1997, p. 68. Mentions among others Bosnië, Greece, Portugal and France.
9. Ehwa, 1974, p. 74. In the United States it is found in Arizona and South-Carolina. Levárdy, 1994, p. 114. Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Utah and New Mexico.
10. Aschenbrenner, 1939, p. 21. 20-80 meters. Mark W. Rien & Gustaf Nils Dorén, Das Neue Tabago Buch, Hamburg, 1985, p. 87. In Tanganyika the mines are between 40 and 80 metres deep. Guyot, 1992, p. 86. Mentions a depth of 300 to 400 meters (the author was probably mistaken by changing the English foot measure for the European meter). Ehwa, 1974, p. 74. 150 to 350 feet.
11. Cardon, 1866, p. 233. Chests measure 75 x 18 x 38 centimeters and have a weight of 17 kilogram. Each box contains pieces of the same size and the same quality. The price varies from 600 to 800 francs for inferior qualities to 1800 and 2000 francs for the good quality. Aschenbrenner, 1939, p. 21. Pieces sorted on size between 35 to over 600 per chest. Levárdy, 1994, p. 115. The lumps were sorted in size and vary between 25 and 200 pieces per chest. Pollner, 1997, p. 68. Cites a source from 1797.
12. Ramazzotti, 1981, p. 52.
13. Cardon, 1866, p. 232. Sublime, supérieure, première, deuxième.
14. Catalogue Budapest, 2000, p. 63. Viennese meerschaum is mentioned.
15. Various publications describe the way it is produced, the oldest dates from 1799, written by A. Tomas. See also: Levárdy, 1994, p. 11. Rapaport, 1999, p. 17. Morgenroth, 1999, p. 48.
16. Pollner, 1997, p. 83. In Ruhla these are called Posten.
17. Lutz Libert, Von Tabak, Dosen und Pfeifen, Leipzig, 1984, p. 89. In Vienna and Ruhla the pipes were made when whet, in other production centers dry. Otto Pollner, Tabakpfeifen aus zwei Jahrhunderten, über die Pfeifendrechsler in Westfalen und Lippe, Bad-Qeynhausen, 2000, p. 165. Half an hour in the water and then a few hours to let the water spread evenly. The lumps were sorted by weight because the lighter pieces float some time while the heavier sink.
18. Aschenbrenner, 1939, p. 26. Pollner, 1997, p. 85. Ölköpfe or Ruhla-Köpfe.
19. Raufer, 1876, p. 48.
20. Guyot, 1992, p. 94.
21. Dunhill, 1924, p. 234. Aschenbrenner, 1939, p. 21. G.A. Brongers & J.A. Frank, Pijpenbrevier, Rotterdam, 1979, p. 137. Ramazzotti, 1981, p. 52. Libert, 1984, p. 64. Levárdy, 1994, p. 118. Woont Fischergasse. Pollner, 1997, p. 75. Morgenroth, 1999, p. 30. Rapaport, 1999, p. 16. Catalogue Budapest, 2000, p. 62.
22. Ehwa, 1974, p. 70.
23. Levárdy, 1994, p. 119. Rapaport, 1999, p. 17.
24. Guyot, 1992, p. 95. Andrássy was the favorite of Empress Sissi.
25. Levárdy, 1994, p. 120.
26. Morgenroth, 1999, p. 30.
27. Morgenroth, 1999, p. 31.
28. Rapaport, 1999, p. 17. In 1652 the French sculptor Louis Pierre Puget is supposed to have carved a meerschaum pipe.
29. Morgenroth, 1999, p. 34. Cites Voyage d'Italie, de Dalmatie, de Grece et du Levant, Amsterdam, 1679.
30. Cardon, 1866, p. 333. Speaks of Turkish, Greek and Armenian tradesmen. Catalogue Budapest, 2000, p. 63.
31. Morgenroth, 1999, p. 40. Cites Rothmann, 1802.
32. Raufer, 1876, p. 9. Pollner, 1997, p. 75. Mentions Lemgo as the first town. Morgenroth, 1999, p. 40. Pollner, 2000, p. 161. This should have happened between 1745 and 1750 by the merchant Benzler.
33. Levárdy, 1994, p. 120. Mentions as start the year 1745 with Kristof Dreiss, who exhibits in 1750 in Leipzig. Pollner, 1997, p. 65. Mentions the year 1739 as start of the pipe makers workshops in general, the meerschaum already before 1750 by Wolfgang Iffert (copied from Raufer, 1876).
34. Morgenroth, 1999, p. 49. Levárdy, 1994, p. 115. Mentions the families Iffert and Ziegeler. Rapaport, 1999, p. 19. Mentions around 1800 150 carvers active in 27 workshops.
35. Rapaport, A complete guide to collecting Antique Pipes, Exton, 1979, p. 51. It concerns Johann Wolfgang Wagner and Jakob Hellman.
36. Levárdy, 1994, p. 121. Mentions Czerha Károly from Mannheim and Jósef Teissenberger from Unterammergau. Catalogue Budapest, 2000, p. 64.
37. Cardon, 1866, p. 233. Vienna sells meerschaum that is carved in Saxony and is sold in Frankfurt.
38. Raufer, 1876, p. 9. Rien & Dorén, 1985, p. 87. They illustrate a pipe bowl that should date from 1767.
39. Levárdy, 1994, p. 115.
40. Levárdy, 1994, p. 115. Mentions Kristof Dreiss as inventor between 1770-1772. Pollner, 1997, p. 78. Johann Christoph Dreiss.
41. Raufer, 1876, p. 10. Speaks from 27 factories with over 150 workmen. Aschenbrenner, 1939, p. 21. Circa 1800 27 workshops with 150 workmen. Morgenroth, 1999, p. 49. Ditto, p. 47. A source dating from 1788 mentions 100 laborers.
42. Ramazzotti, 1981, p. 52. Écume artificielle de Wagner. Guyot, 1992, p. 86. Levárdy, 1994, p. 115. Wagner was sent by the court, the actual start was done by Hartmann and Zimmermann.
43. Morgenroth, 1999, p. 46. Mentions a recipe from 1786.
44. Raufer, 1876, p. 17.
45. Rapaport, 1979, p. 69.
46. Raufer, 1876, p. 25.
47. Raufer, 1876, p. 11.
48. F.W. Fairholt, Tobacco: its History and Associations, including an account of the plant and its manufacture, with its modes of use in all ages and countries, London, 1859, p. 196.
49. Levárdy, 1994, p. 135.
50. Levárdy, 1994, pp. 128-130. Describes the history of this family. Catalogue Budapest, 2000, p. 65. Adler is active since the beginning ot the nineteenth century.
51. Guyot, 1992, p. 95.
52. Levárdy, 1994, p. 134. Catalogue Budapest, 2000, p. 69. The workshop was continued till after 1873.
53. Levárdy, 1994, p. 134.
54. Ramazzotti, 1981, p. 52. Mentions Écume d'Autriche. Levárdy, 1994, p. 116. Pasura, Wiener Meerschaum and écume d'Antioche. The name does not indicate an insulting comparison with Viennese pipes but is given because the meerschaum fragments were imported from Vienna and were pressed into pipes in Germany.
55. Cardon, 1866, p. 235. Mentions the year 1852 as start in Paris by Séjournant, Cardon & Cie in the Passage de l'Ancre. Guyot, 1992, p. 95.
56. Raufer, 1876, p. 6. Mentions yearly 50.000 kilogram. Libert, 1984, p. 91.
57. Cardon, 1866, p. 222. According to the Chambre de Commerce in Paris of 1860 there is already a serious production of meerschaum pipes. Ramazzotti, 1981, p. 52. For instance in 1852 a certain E. Cardon, in 1860 Sommer. Levárdy, 1994, p. 123. Works with Jewish pipe makers from Vienna and Buda.
58. Rapaport, 1979, p. 53. Levárdy, 1994, p. 135.
59. Cardon, 1866, p. 236. Ditto, p. 241. The French sent their remainders to Germany because they do not produce pressed meerschaums.
60. Levárdy, 1994, p. 135. E.R. Rabe.
61. Don Duco, "Aanwinsten: Rembrandt pijp", Newsletter Pijpenkabinet, no. 5, October 2006.
62. Levárdy, 1994, p. 135. Rapaport, 1999, p. 21.
63. Levárdy, 1994, p. 135. Fischer worked for the E.P. Ehrlich Company in Massachusetts and New York. His son Gustav Fischer Jr. opened a shop in Boston. Rapaport, 1999, pp. 23-24.
64. Guyot, 1992, p. 86.
65. Pollner, 1997, p. 73. Some exceptions are deliveries like till 1975 to Franz Thiel in Ruhla.
66. Libert, 1984, p. 91. Discovered in 1953. Levárdy, 1994, p. 115.
67. Libert, 1984, p. 91.
68. Guyot, 1992, p. 94. Written as Kalmach, it should refer to the name of a carvers family.
69. Levárdy, 1994, p. 100. Compare the illustrations.
70. Guyot, 1992, p. 94. Mentions Ragoczy or Rakoczy, named after a Hungarian minister.
71. Rapaport, 1999, p. 33.
72, Levárdy, 1994, p. 124. Ditto, p. 100. Illustrates an eight sided cylindrical bowl of which only the filt rim and the heavy bowl base are the same.
73. Catalogue Budapest, 2000, p. 176, no. 12/10.
74. Dunhill, (1924), p. 235. Illustrates a bag shape next to a Turkish round bottom pipe bowl and underlines the derivation of shape.
75. Catalogue Kaldenberg & Son, New York, 1868 (Edition Paul Jung, Bel Air, 1992), plate 11.
76. Levárdy, 1994, p. 121.
77. Kaldenberg, 1868, plate 7. Illustrated with the shape name Hungarian bowls.
78. Levárdy, 1994, p. 143.
79. Kaldenberg, 1868, plate 16. Illustrates this pipe shape in the heavy German version as Philosophers pipe.
80. Rapaport, 1979, p. 53. Levárdy, 1994, p. 135. It concerns Ganneval, Bondier and Donninger.
81. Catalogue Maison Vinche, Antwerp, c. 1905. All shapes are sold in meerschaum as well as briar version.
82. Kaldenberg, 1868, plate 3. Illustrated as Egg Bowls in nine sizes.
83. Kaldenberg, 1868, plate 9. Is called Globe Pipe Bowl.
84. Rapaport, 1999, p. 17.
85. Levárdy, 1994, p. 131.
86. Levárdy, 1994, p. 136. Mentions the family of a Russian tsar.
87. Au Pacha by C. Cheville and Weber in Paris, Au Nabab by J.B. Vinche in Bruxelles and Au Phénix in Lille without owners name.
88. ‟ournisseurs de S.M. le Roi des Belges”, with “J.B. Vinche & Fils” or “Fournissr. de S.A.R. le Comte de Flandre”.
89. Culot, Traité théorique & pratique du culottage des pipes, Étienne Sausset Libraire-Editeur, Paris, 1866.
90. Guyot, 1992, p. 90.
91. Fairholt, 1859, p. 196. Also: Dunhill, 1924, p. 236.
92. Ehwa, 1974, p. 70.
93. Anonymous (A Veteran of Smokedom), The Smoker's Guide, Philosopher and Friend, London, 1876, p. 68. As price 4 shilling is mentioned.
94. Guyot, 1992, p. 92.
95. Pollner, 1997, p. 91.